Assistive Technologies

Software can help students to bypass the certain learning disabilities like writing, reading and comprehension. Using spell check and grammar features can help students focus on communicating their ideas and students can write with confidence knowing that they can easily make changes. In addition, being able to submit a final assignment that is neater and better organized supports positive self-esteem. Text-to-speech, speech-to-text, word prediction, and graphic organizers are useful software functions for students who struggle with language-based learning disabilities. 

Text-to-speech software helps students to bypass the task of decoding words. Seeing individual words highlighted as the text is read aloud may help to improve students’ sight word vocabulary. Text-to-speech software, such as Kurzweil 3000, can read aloud digital or printed text and can benefit students who are more likely to understand text when it is read to them (MacArthur, Ferreti, Okolo, & Cavalier, 2001). Research by Raskind and Higgins (1999), Izzo et al (2009) and other researchers shows that text-to-speech technology can have a positive effect on decoding and word recognition and increase reading fluency and comprehension. This software helps students with revising their work and proof-reading for errors which may otherwise go unnoticed. Researchers Chiang and Jacobs (2009), Elkind (1998), and Young (2012) have found that Kurzweil software improves students’ perception of their work and their ability to write expressively, may decrease the negative emotions students associate with reading, and provide students with a more complete comprehension of the text.  

Speech-to-text software transcribes spoken word into computer text, allowing the student to bypass the demands of typing or handwriting, or even handwriting and spelling, allowing the student to concentrate on developing their ideas and planning their work. Freed from these tasks, students may compose stories that are longer, more complex, and contain fewer errors (Graham 1999).  Speech-to-text technology relies on speech recognition accuracy and will convert the spoken word into text on the computer. Students who benefit the most may have dysgraphia or dyslexia, or may simply think faster than they can write. Students with motor skills issues, or who have trouble with writing or spelling and grammar, can use speech-to-text technology to overcome their obstacles.

Word prediction is an assistive technology tool for writing that suggests words as you type. If you’ve sent text messages with a smartphone, you’ve probably used it already. Advanced word prediction tools can be very helpful for individuals who struggle with writing. Some word prediction tools can make suggestions tailored to specific topics. For instance, the terminology used in a history paper may differ from that in a science report. To make suggestions more accurate, individuals can pick special dictionaries for what they’re writing about and can decide between words that are confusing. Word prediction is available on nearly every platform, from iOS and Android devices, to Chromebooks, Windows, and macOS computers.

Some users may not be able to use a mouse or keyboard to work on a computer. They can use various forms of devices, such as: 

A stick or object mounted directly on the user’s head that can be used to push keys on the keyboard. This device is used by individuals who have no use of their hands.

These devices watch a target the user holds or even the user's eyes to interpret where the user wants to place the mouse pointer. For example, scientists at the Imperial College of London have developed the GT3D, a device that looks and wears like a normal pair of sunglasses but registers the movement of the eyes to control the mouse cursor on a computer screen. The objective is to enable users with physically debilitating conditions such as muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries to use a computer, send emails, and search the Internet efficiently and comfortably. Another example is Tobii PCEye, which also provides the ability to position a mouse cursor anywhere on the screen by fixing your eyes on a specific screen location.

These kinds of devices can be used with other alternative input devices or by themselves. These are typically used with on-screen keyboards. The on-screen keyboard has a cursor move across the keys, and when the key the user wants is in focus, the user will click the switch. This can also work on a webpage: the cursor can move through the webpage, and if the user wants a to click on a link or button when that link or button is in focus, the user can activate the switch.

Another assistive device called the Sip-and-Puff, or Sip 'n' Puff enables people who are quadriplegics or have lost their mobility due to amputation, to control onscreen action simply by breathing. The technology includes a special wand that can be worn on the head or chin, which allows you to send signals to your keyboard using air pressure by "sipping" (inhaling) or "puffing" (exhaling) on the wand. 

While most individuals associate joysticks with video games, it can also help physically-challenged people control their computers more effectively. The joystick can be attached to the desk of a person with movement disabilities to replace a mouse. 

Trackballs are similar to computer mice, and help people move the cursor around the screen and click the screen when needed. Basic trackballs simply move your cursor as you move the ball. Advanced trackballs have programmable buttons which minimize hand movement by helping individuals with limited motor skills to scroll through web pages, double-click automatically, and perform other tasks.